diff --git a/common/src/types/__tests__/json-provider-compatibility.test.ts b/common/src/types/__tests__/json-provider-compatibility.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a199158ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/types/__tests__/json-provider-compatibility.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from 'bun:test'
+import type { ToolModelMessage } from 'ai'
+
+import type { ProviderMetadata } from '../messages/provider-metadata'
+
+function toLocalProviderMetadata(
+  options: NonNullable<ToolModelMessage['providerOptions']>,
+): ProviderMetadata {
+  return options
+}
+
+describe('AI SDK provider metadata compatibility', () => {
+  test('accepts provider options containing nested JSON arrays and objects', () => {
+    const providerOptions: NonNullable<ToolModelMessage['providerOptions']> = {
+      example: {
+        enabled: true,
+        nested: [1, { label: 'readonly JSON value' }],
+      },
+    }
+
+    expect(toLocalProviderMetadata(providerOptions)).toEqual(providerOptions)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/common/src/types/json.ts b/common/src/types/json.ts
index 244e9a31d8..32433b3d4d 100644
--- a/common/src/types/json.ts
+++ b/common/src/types/json.ts
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ export type JSONValue =
   | string
   | number
   | boolean
-  | JSONObject
-  | JSONArray
+  | Readonly<JSONObject>
+  | readonly JSONValue[]
 export const jsonValueSchema: z.ZodType<JSONValue> = z.lazy(() =>
   z.union([
     z.null(),
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ export type JSONObject = { [key in string]: JSONValue | undefined }
 export const jsonArraySchema: z.ZodType<JSONArray> = z.lazy(() =>
   z.array(jsonValueSchema),
 )
-export type JSONArray = JSONValue[]
+export type JSONArray = readonly JSONValue[]