diff --git a/src/commands/migrate.ts b/src/commands/migrate.ts
index e047bf8..5e2a01d 100644
--- a/src/commands/migrate.ts
+++ b/src/commands/migrate.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import { Baseline, baselineFile, resolveBaseline } from "../lib/plan/baseline";
 import { describeQuestion, optionLabel, splitDefaults, sqlHint } from "../lib/plan/prompts";
 import {
   cliBinPath,
-  migrateUnsupported,
   report,
   run,
   supportsPglite,
@@ -94,8 +93,6 @@ export default class Migrate extends BaseCommand {
     if (this.json) console.info = (...m: unknown[]) => process.stderr.write(m.join(" ") + "\n");
 
     const { apsorc } = readApsorcFile();
-    const unsupported = migrateUnsupported(apsorc.language);
-    if (unsupported) this.fail(unsupported);
     const cliBin = cliBinPath(this.config.root);
 
     if (!flags["skip-generate"]) {
@@ -163,7 +160,9 @@ export default class Migrate extends BaseCommand {
     for (const f of written.findings ?? []) this.say(`  warning ${f.code}: ${f.message}`);
 
     let verified: boolean | "skipped" = "skipped";
-    if (!flags["skip-verify"] && supportsPglite(cwd)) {
+    // Python and Go verify without the project's own database driver.
+    const canVerify = (apsorc.language ?? "typescript") !== "typescript" || supportsPglite(cwd);
+    if (!flags["skip-verify"] && canVerify) {
       this.say("Testing the migration on a local copy of the deployed schema...");
       const result = await verifyMigration(cwd, baselineFile(baseline), written.file!, cliBin, {
         seedFile: flags.seed,
diff --git a/src/commands/migrate/generate.ts b/src/commands/migrate/generate.ts
index 4d65968..5f20036 100644
--- a/src/commands/migrate/generate.ts
+++ b/src/commands/migrate/generate.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import * as path from "path";
 import { Flags } from "@oclif/core";
 import BaseCommand from "../../lib/base-command";
-import { parseApsorc, readApsorcFile } from "../../lib/apsorc-parser";
+import { readApsorcFile } from "../../lib/apsorc-parser";
 import { writePlannedMigration } from "../../lib/ddl/migration-file";
 import { Question } from "../../lib/plan";
 import {
@@ -11,14 +11,13 @@ import {
 } from "../../lib/plan/baseline";
 import {
   cliBinPath,
-  migrateUnsupported,
   generateMigration,
   report,
 } from "../../lib/verify";
 
 export default class MigrateGenerate extends BaseCommand {
   static description =
-    "Write a migration from the deployed schema to this project's .apsorc. Apso renders the SQL from the answered migration plan (apso migrate plan), including data moves and a down() that reverses them. Exits 2 while plan questions are open. --typeorm uses TypeORM's generator on a local PGlite database instead (TypeScript services).";
+    "Write a migration from the deployed schema to this project's .apsorc. Apso renders the SQL from the answered migration plan (apso migrate plan), including data moves and a down() that reverses them. Exits 2 while plan questions are open. The migration is a TypeORM class, an Alembic revision or a goose SQL file, by the service's language. --typeorm uses TypeORM's generator on a local PGlite database instead (TypeScript services).";
 
   static examples = [
     `$ apso migrate plan --answer entity:Company=rename:Organization`,
@@ -52,10 +51,9 @@ export default class MigrateGenerate extends BaseCommand {
 
   async run(): Promise<void> {
     const { flags } = await this.parse(MigrateGenerate);
-    const unsupported = migrateUnsupported(parseApsorc().language);
-    if (unsupported) this.error(unsupported);
-
     const { apsorc } = readApsorcFile();
+    if (flags.typeorm && (apsorc.language ?? "typescript") !== "typescript")
+      this.error("--typeorm works on TypeScript services only.");
     let baseline: Baseline;
     try {
       baseline = resolveBaseline(
diff --git a/src/commands/migrate/verify.ts b/src/commands/migrate/verify.ts
index 7fbb3e0..0e712fb 100644
--- a/src/commands/migrate/verify.ts
+++ b/src/commands/migrate/verify.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 import * as path from "path";
 import { Flags } from "@oclif/core";
 import BaseCommand from "../../lib/base-command";
-import { parseApsorc, readApsorcFile } from "../../lib/apsorc-parser";
+import { readApsorcFile } from "../../lib/apsorc-parser";
 import { baselineFile, latestPlannedMigration } from "../../lib/plan/baseline";
 import {
   cliBinPath,
-  migrateUnsupported,
   report,
   verifyMigration,
 } from "../../lib/verify";
 
 export default class MigrateVerify extends BaseCommand {
   static description =
-    "Run a migration on a local PGlite copy of the deployed schema, then check the database matches this project's entities (TypeScript services)";
+    "Run a migration on a local PGlite copy of the deployed schema, then check the database matches this project's entities (TypeScript), or a fresh build of its .apsorc (Python and Go, which also run down and check it gives back the deployed schema)";
 
   static examples = [
     `$ apso migrate verify`,
@@ -56,8 +55,6 @@ export default class MigrateVerify extends BaseCommand {
 
   async run(): Promise<void> {
     const { flags } = await this.parse(MigrateVerify);
-    const unsupported = migrateUnsupported(parseApsorc().language);
-    if (unsupported) this.error(unsupported);
     const { apsorc } = readApsorcFile();
     const latest = latestPlannedMigration(process.cwd(), apsorc);
     const migration = flags.migration ?? latest?.file;
diff --git a/src/lib/ddl/migration-file.ts b/src/lib/ddl/migration-file.ts
index 1404b44..015fcc8 100644
--- a/src/lib/ddl/migration-file.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ddl/migration-file.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 /**
- * Write a TypeORM migration from an answered plan: up() is Apso's change DDL,
- * down() the reverse, and the plan is saved beside the migration so the
- * answers that produced it stay with it.
+ * Write a migration from an answered plan: up is Apso's change DDL, down the
+ * reverse, and the plan is saved beside the migration so the answers that
+ * produced it stay with it. The SQL is the same for every language; only the
+ * wrapper differs: a TypeORM class, an Alembic revision, or a goose SQL file.
  */
 import * as fs from "fs";
 import * as path from "path";
 import { ApsorcType } from "../apsorc-parser";
 import { openQuestions, Plan, planMigration, Question } from "../plan";
-import { pascalCase } from "../utils/casing";
+import { migrationExtension, migrationsDir } from "../plan/baseline";
+import { pascalCase, snakeCase } from "../utils/casing";
 import { reviewMigration, Finding } from "../verify/review";
 import { changeDdl, DownDdl, downDdl } from "./change";
+import { literal } from ".";
 
 const template = (sql: string) =>
   "`" +
@@ -28,11 +31,7 @@ export function typeormMigration(
   const downBody =
     "down" in down
       ? queries(down.down)
-      : `        throw new Error(${JSON.stringify(
-          `This migration can't be reversed automatically: ${down.irreversible.join(
-            "; "
-          )}`
-        )});`;
+      : `        throw new Error(${JSON.stringify(irreversible(down))});`;
   return `import { MigrationInterface, QueryRunner } from "typeorm";
 
 // Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
@@ -51,6 +50,125 @@ ${downBody}
 `;
 }
 
+const irreversible = (down: { irreversible: string[] }) =>
+  `This migration can't be reversed automatically: ${down.irreversible.join(
+    "; "
+  )}`;
+
+/**
+ * A Python string literal for any SQL. A JSON string is one (same escapes),
+ * where """...""" breaks on SQL that ends in a quoted identifier (#148).
+ */
+export const pyString = (s: string): string => JSON.stringify(s);
+
+const executes = (statements: string[]) =>
+  statements.map((s) => `    op.execute(${pyString(s)})`).join("\n");
+
+export function alembicMigration(
+  revision: string,
+  downRevision: string | undefined,
+  up: string[],
+  down: DownDdl
+): string {
+  const downBody =
+    "down" in down
+      ? executes(down.down) || "    pass"
+      : `    raise NotImplementedError(${pyString(irreversible(down))})`;
+  return `"""Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file."""
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = ${pyString(revision)}
+down_revision = ${downRevision === undefined ? "None" : pyString(downRevision)}
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+${executes(up)}
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+${downBody}
+`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Statements for a goose SQL file. goose splits on lines ending in ";", so a
+ * statement with a ";" of its own is fenced with StatementBegin/End.
+ */
+export const gooseStatements = (statements: string[]): string =>
+  statements
+    .map((s) =>
+      s.includes(";")
+        ? `-- +goose StatementBegin\n${s};\n-- +goose StatementEnd`
+        : `${s};`
+    )
+    .join("\n");
+
+export function gooseMigration(up: string[], down: DownDdl): string {
+  // goose has no way to refuse a down, so the SQL refuses it instead.
+  const downBody =
+    "down" in down
+      ? gooseStatements(down.down)
+      : gooseStatements([
+          `DO $$ BEGIN RAISE EXCEPTION ${literal(
+            irreversible(down).replace(/%/g, "%%")
+          )}; END $$`,
+        ]);
+  return `-- Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
+-- +goose Up
+${gooseStatements(up)}
+
+-- +goose Down
+${downBody}
+`;
+}
+
+/** The newest Alembic revision: the one no other revision names as its down_revision. */
+export function alembicHead(dir: string): string | undefined {
+  if (!fs.existsSync(dir)) return undefined;
+  const revisions: string[] = [];
+  const downs = new Set<string>();
+  for (const f of fs
+    .readdirSync(dir)
+    .filter((f) => f.endsWith(".py"))
+    .sort()) {
+    const source = fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir, f)).toString();
+    const rev = source.match(/^revision\b[^\n=]*=\s*["']([^"']+)["']/m);
+    if (rev) revisions.push(rev[1]);
+    const down = source.match(/^down_revision\b[^\n=]*=(.*)$/m);
+    for (const d of down?.[1].matchAll(/["']([^"']+)["']/g) ?? [])
+      downs.add(d[1]);
+  }
+  return revisions.filter((r) => !downs.has(r)).pop();
+}
+
+const calls = (body: string) =>
+  [...body.matchAll(/^\s*op\.execute\((".*")\)\s*$/gm)]
+    .map((m) => JSON.parse(m[1]) as string)
+    .join(";\n");
+
+/**
+ * The up and down SQL of an Alembic or goose migration, for running it on a
+ * database without the framework. down is undefined when it refuses to run.
+ */
+export function migrationSql(
+  file: string,
+  source: string
+): { up: string; down?: string } {
+  if (file.endsWith(".sql")) {
+    const [up, down = ""] = source
+      .split(/^-- \+goose Down\b.*$/m)
+      .map((s) => s.replace(/^[\S\s]*?^-- \+goose Up\b.*$/m, ""));
+    return { up, down: /RAISE EXCEPTION/.test(down) ? undefined : down };
+  }
+  const [upBody, downBody = ""] = source.split(/^def downgrade\b/m);
+  return {
+    up: calls(upBody),
+    down: /raise NotImplementedError/.test(downBody) ? undefined : calls(downBody),
+  };
+}
+
 export interface PlannedMigration {
   ok: boolean;
   needed: boolean;
@@ -123,11 +241,23 @@ export function writePlannedMigration(
     return { ok: true, needed: false, steps: [{ name: "render", ok: true }] };
 
   const className = `${pascalCase(name)}Migration${now}`;
-  const dir = path.join(projectDir, after.rootFolder || "src", "migrations");
+  const dir = migrationsDir(projectDir, after);
   fs.mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true });
-  const base = `${now}-${name}-migration`;
-  const source = typeormMigration(className, up, down);
-  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(dir, `${base}.ts`), source);
+  // goose orders by the number before "_", and its own files use
+  // YYYYMMDDHHMMSS, so Python and Go use that too.
+  const stamp = new Date(now).toISOString().replace(/\D/g, "").slice(0, 14);
+  const base =
+    after.language === "python" || after.language === "go"
+      ? `${stamp}_${snakeCase(name)}`
+      : `${now}-${name}-migration`;
+  const file = base + migrationExtension(after);
+  const source =
+    after.language === "python"
+      ? alembicMigration(stamp, alembicHead(dir), up, down)
+      : after.language === "go"
+      ? gooseMigration(up, down)
+      : typeormMigration(className, up, down);
+  fs.writeFileSync(path.join(dir, file), source);
   fs.writeFileSync(
     path.join(dir, `${base}.plan.json`),
     // The schemas let later runs find the baseline without being told.
@@ -139,9 +269,10 @@ export function writePlannedMigration(
   return {
     ok: true,
     needed: true,
-    file: rel(`${base}.ts`),
+    file: rel(file),
     planFile: rel(`${base}.plan.json`),
-    findings: reviewMigration(source),
+    // The review reads TypeORM's wrapper; the SQL is the same in all three.
+    findings: reviewMigration(typeormMigration(className, up, down)),
     steps: [{ name: "render", ok: true }],
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/generators/go.ts b/src/lib/generators/go.ts
index 20d32f4..b2c556e 100644
--- a/src/lib/generators/go.ts
+++ b/src/lib/generators/go.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import {
 } from "../utils/relationships";
 import { snakeCase, camelCase, pascalCase, kebabCase } from "../utils/casing";
 import { getEventEmittingEntities } from "../events";
+import { gooseStatements } from "../ddl/migration-file";
 import pluralize from "pluralize";
 
 /**
@@ -392,8 +393,8 @@ export class GoGenerator extends BaseGenerator {
     const name = migrationName || "auto";
     const filename = `${timestamp}_${name}.sql`;
 
-    const upStatements = upSql.map((sql) => `${sql};`).join("\n");
-    const downStatements = (downSql || []).map((sql) => `${sql};`).join("\n");
+    const upStatements = gooseStatements(upSql);
+    const downStatements = gooseStatements(downSql || []);
 
     const content = `-- +goose Up
 ${upStatements}
diff --git a/src/lib/generators/python.ts b/src/lib/generators/python.ts
index 2f92a9e..192f585 100644
--- a/src/lib/generators/python.ts
+++ b/src/lib/generators/python.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import {
 } from "../utils/relationships";
 import { snakeCase, camelCase } from "../utils/casing";
 import { getEventEmittingEntities } from "../events";
+import { pyString } from "../ddl/migration-file";
 import pluralize from "pluralize";
 
 /**
@@ -319,10 +320,10 @@ export class PythonGenerator extends BaseGenerator {
     const filename = `${timestamp}_${name}.py`;
 
     const upStatements = upSql
-      .map((sql) => `    op.execute("""${sql}""")`)
+      .map((sql) => `    op.execute(${pyString(sql)})`)
       .join("\n");
     const downStatements = (downSql || [])
-      .map((sql) => `    op.execute("""${sql}""")`)
+      .map((sql) => `    op.execute(${pyString(sql)})`)
       .join("\n");
 
     const content = `"""${name}"""
diff --git a/src/lib/plan/baseline.ts b/src/lib/plan/baseline.ts
index 7125b1b..d3319b7 100644
--- a/src/lib/plan/baseline.ts
+++ b/src/lib/plan/baseline.ts
@@ -23,8 +23,19 @@ export interface Baseline {
   source: string;
 }
 
+/** Where each language's migrations live, and the extension of one. */
 export const migrationsDir = (projectDir: string, apsorc?: ApsorcType) =>
-  path.join(projectDir, apsorc?.rootFolder || "src", "migrations");
+  apsorc?.language === "python"
+    ? path.join(projectDir, "alembic", "versions")
+    : apsorc?.language === "go"
+    ? path.join(projectDir, "migrations")
+    : path.join(projectDir, apsorc?.rootFolder || "src", "migrations");
+export const migrationExtension = (apsorc?: ApsorcType) =>
+  apsorc?.language === "python"
+    ? ".py"
+    : apsorc?.language === "go"
+    ? ".sql"
+    : ".ts";
 
 /** The newest migration with a saved plan, by its timestamp prefix. */
 export function latestPlannedMigration(
@@ -35,14 +46,14 @@ export function latestPlannedMigration(
   if (!fs.existsSync(dir)) return undefined;
   const plans = fs
     .readdirSync(dir)
-    .filter((f) => /^\d+-.+-migration\.plan\.json$/.test(f))
-    .sort((a, b) => Number(b.split("-")[0]) - Number(a.split("-")[0]));
+    .filter((f) => /^\d+[_-].+\.plan\.json$/.test(f))
+    .sort((a, b) => Number(b.split(/[_-]/)[0]) - Number(a.split(/[_-]/)[0]));
   for (const planFile of plans) {
     const saved = JSON.parse(
       fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir, planFile)).toString()
     );
     if (!saved.before || !saved.after) continue;
-    const file = planFile.replace(/\.plan\.json$/, ".ts");
+    const file = planFile.replace(/\.plan\.json$/, migrationExtension(apsorc));
     return {
       file: path.relative(projectDir, path.join(dir, file)),
       planFile: path.relative(projectDir, path.join(dir, planFile)),
diff --git a/src/lib/verify/index.ts b/src/lib/verify/index.ts
index 225b940..2b9ebaf 100644
--- a/src/lib/verify/index.ts
+++ b/src/lib/verify/index.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * Pre-deploy checks for a generated service: generate the migration from the
- * deployed schema, run it and check for drift (TypeScript only, on PGlite),
- * and smoke test the endpoints. The CLI and the in-browser editor (which runs
+ * deployed schema, run it and check for drift (on PGlite), and smoke test the
+ * endpoints. The CLI and the in-browser editor (which runs
  * the CLI in a WebContainer) share these steps.
  */
 
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ import * as net from "net";
 import * as os from "os";
 import * as path from "path";
 import pluralize from "pluralize";
+import { parseApsorcV2 } from "../apsorc-parser";
+import { schemaDdl } from "../ddl";
+import { catalogDiff, readCatalog } from "../ddl/catalog";
+import { migrationSql, typeormMigration } from "../ddl/migration-file";
 import { Entity } from "../types/entity";
 import { TargetLanguage } from "../types/generator";
 import { RelationshipMap } from "../types/relationship";
@@ -125,21 +129,6 @@ export async function buildBaseline(
   }
 }
 
-/**
- * Why `apso migrate` can't run for this project's language, or undefined.
- * ponytail: Python (Alembic) and Go (goose) have no local scratch database to
- * build the baseline on; add when they get one like PGlite for TypeScript.
- */
-export const migrateUnsupported = (
-  language: TargetLanguage = "typescript"
-): string | undefined => {
-  if (language === "python")
-    return "apso migrate supports TypeScript services only for now. This is a Python service: use Alembic directly (alembic revision --autogenerate, alembic upgrade head, alembic check).";
-  if (language === "go")
-    return "apso migrate supports TypeScript services only for now. This is a Go service: write goose migrations in migrations/ and run them with `go run cmd/migrate/main.go up`.";
-  return undefined;
-};
-
 export interface GenerateResult {
   ok: boolean;
   needed: boolean;
@@ -365,6 +354,12 @@ export async function verifyMigration(
     acceptLoss = [],
   }: { skipBuild?: boolean; seedFile?: string; checkFile?: string; acceptLoss?: string[] } = {}
 ): Promise<CheckResult> {
+  if (/\.(py|sql)$/.test(migrationFile))
+    return verifySqlMigration(projectDir, baselineApsorc, migrationFile, cliBin, {
+      seedFile,
+      checkFile,
+      acceptLoss,
+    });
   if (!supportsPglite(projectDir)) return NO_PGLITE;
   const source = fs.readFileSync(path.resolve(projectDir, migrationFile), "utf8");
   const findings = reviewMigration(source);
@@ -432,6 +427,109 @@ export async function verifyMigration(
   }
 }
 
+const ddlOf = (apsorcFile: string) =>
+  schemaDdl(parseApsorcV2(JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(apsorcFile).toString()))).join(";\n");
+
+/**
+ * verifyMigration for an Alembic or goose migration. Python and Go services
+ * have no TypeORM, so Apso's DDL writer builds the deployed schema, the
+ * migration's SQL runs as written, and drift is a catalog diff against a
+ * fresh build of the new .apsorc. down then runs and must give back the
+ * deployed schema.
+ */
+async function verifySqlMigration(
+  projectDir: string,
+  baselineApsorc: string,
+  migrationFile: string,
+  cliBin: string,
+  { seedFile, checkFile, acceptLoss = [] }: { seedFile?: string; checkFile?: string; acceptLoss?: string[] }
+): Promise<CheckResult> {
+  const { PGlite } = await import("@electric-sql/pglite");
+  const steps: Step[] = [];
+  const done = (s: Step) => {
+    steps.push(s);
+    return s.ok;
+  };
+  let sql: { up: string; down?: string };
+  try {
+    sql = migrationSql(migrationFile, fs.readFileSync(path.resolve(projectDir, migrationFile), "utf8"));
+  } catch (error) {
+    done({ name: "read", ok: false, output: (error as Error).message });
+    return { ok: false, steps };
+  }
+  const findings = reviewMigration(typeormMigration("Migration", [sql.up], { down: [] }));
+  const dataDir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "apso-pglite-"));
+  // The CLI's own PGlite: the project has no node_modules to load one from.
+  const cliRoot = path.dirname(path.dirname(cliBin));
+  const script = (name: string, code: string, arg?: string) =>
+    run(process.execPath, ["-e", code, ...(arg ? [path.resolve(arg)] : [])], cliRoot, pgliteEnv(dataDir)).then(
+      (r) => {
+        done(step(name, r));
+        return r;
+      }
+    );
+  const exec = async (name: string, statements: string) => {
+    const db = new PGlite(dataDir);
+    try {
+      await db.exec(statements);
+      return done({ name, ok: true });
+    } catch (error) {
+      return done({ name, ok: false, output: (error as Error).message });
+    } finally {
+      await db.close();
+    }
+  };
+  const drift = async (name: string, apsorcFile: string) => {
+    const db = new PGlite(dataDir);
+    const fresh = new PGlite();
+    try {
+      await fresh.exec(ddlOf(apsorcFile));
+      const diff = catalogDiff(await readCatalog(fresh), await readCatalog(db));
+      return done({
+        name,
+        ok: diff.length === 0,
+        output: diff.length > 0 ? `The database differs from ${path.basename(apsorcFile)} (- missing, + extra):\n${diff.join("\n")}` : undefined,
+      });
+    } finally {
+      await db.close();
+      await fresh.close();
+    }
+  };
+  try {
+    if (!(await exec("baseline", ddlOf(baselineApsorc)))) return { ok: false, steps, findings };
+    const count = async (name: string, file?: string) => {
+      const r = await script(name, COUNT_ROWS, file);
+      return r.ok ? (JSON.parse(r.output.trim().split("\n").pop()!) as Counts) : undefined;
+    };
+    const before = seedFile ? await count("seed", seedFile) : undefined;
+    if (seedFile && !before) return { ok: false, steps, findings };
+    if (!(await exec("migrate", sql.up))) return { ok: false, steps, findings };
+    if (before) {
+      const after = await count("count");
+      if (!after) return { ok: false, steps, findings };
+      const lost = dataLoss(before, after, sql.up);
+      const ok = unaccepted(lost, acceptLoss).length === 0;
+      done({
+        name: "data",
+        ok,
+        output: lost.length > 0
+          ? `The migration lost seeded data:\n${lost.join("\n")}${ok ? "" : "\nFix the migration. If data moved somewhere the check can't follow (e.g. a field split in two), prove it with --check and rerun with --accept-loss <table.column>."}`
+          : undefined,
+      });
+      if (!ok) return { ok: false, steps, findings };
+    }
+    const checked = checkFile ? await script("check", RUN_CHECKS, checkFile) : undefined;
+    if (checked && !checked.ok) return { ok: false, steps, findings };
+    if (!(await drift("drift", path.join(projectDir, ".apsorc")))) return { ok: false, steps, findings };
+    if (sql.down === undefined) done({ name: "down", ok: true, output: "down refuses to run (irreversible), so it was not tested." });
+    else if (!(await exec("down", sql.down)) || !(await drift("down drift", baselineApsorc)))
+      return { ok: false, steps, findings };
+    return { ok: true, steps, findings };
+  } finally {
+    fs.rmSync(dataDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+}
+
 const freePort = () =>
   new Promise<number>((resolve, reject) => {
     const s = net.createServer();
diff --git a/test/lib/ddl/__snapshots__/wrappers.test.ts.snap b/test/lib/ddl/__snapshots__/wrappers.test.ts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac9fa3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/lib/ddl/__snapshots__/wrappers.test.ts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+// Jest Snapshot v1, https://goo.gl/fbAQLP
+
+exports[`enum-replace Alembic revision compiles and gives back its SQL 1`] = `
+""""Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file."""
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "20231114221320"
+down_revision = "20231101000000"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TYPE \\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum\\" RENAME TO \\"contact_status_enum_old\\"")
+    op.execute("CREATE TYPE \\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum\\" AS ENUM('lead', 'active', 'closed')")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"status\\" DROP DEFAULT")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"status\\" TYPE \\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum\\" USING (CASE \\"status\\"::text WHEN 'archived' THEN 'closed' ELSE \\"status\\"::text END)::\\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"status\\" SET DEFAULT 'lead'")
+    op.execute("DROP TYPE \\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum_old\\"")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TYPE \\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum\\" RENAME TO \\"contact_status_enum_old\\"")
+    op.execute("CREATE TYPE \\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum\\" AS ENUM('lead', 'active', 'archived')")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"status\\" DROP DEFAULT")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"status\\" TYPE \\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum\\" USING (CASE \\"status\\"::text WHEN 'closed' THEN 'archived' ELSE \\"status\\"::text END)::\\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"status\\" SET DEFAULT 'lead'")
+    op.execute("DROP TYPE \\"public\\".\\"contact_status_enum_old\\"")
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`enum-replace goose file matches its snapshot 1`] = `
+"-- Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
+-- +goose Up
+ALTER TYPE "public"."contact_status_enum" RENAME TO "contact_status_enum_old";
+CREATE TYPE "public"."contact_status_enum" AS ENUM('lead', 'active', 'closed');
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "status" DROP DEFAULT;
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "status" TYPE "public"."contact_status_enum" USING (CASE "status"::text WHEN 'archived' THEN 'closed' ELSE "status"::text END)::"public"."contact_status_enum";
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "status" SET DEFAULT 'lead';
+DROP TYPE "public"."contact_status_enum_old";
+
+-- +goose Down
+ALTER TYPE "public"."contact_status_enum" RENAME TO "contact_status_enum_old";
+CREATE TYPE "public"."contact_status_enum" AS ENUM('lead', 'active', 'archived');
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "status" DROP DEFAULT;
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "status" TYPE "public"."contact_status_enum" USING (CASE "status"::text WHEN 'closed' THEN 'archived' ELSE "status"::text END)::"public"."contact_status_enum";
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "status" SET DEFAULT 'lead';
+DROP TYPE "public"."contact_status_enum_old";
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`extract-entity Alembic revision compiles and gives back its SQL 1`] = `
+""""Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file."""
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "20231114221320"
+down_revision = "20231101000000"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("CREATE TYPE \\"public\\".\\"phone_number_label_enum\\" AS ENUM('mobile', 'work', 'home')")
+    op.execute("CREATE TABLE \\"phone_number\\" (\\"id\\" SERIAL NOT NULL, \\"created_at\\" TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT now(), \\"updated_at\\" TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT now(), \\"number\\" character varying(40) NOT NULL, \\"label\\" \\"public\\".\\"phone_number_label_enum\\" NOT NULL DEFAULT 'mobile', \\"contactId\\" integer NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT \\"PK_c16f58426537a660b3f2a26e983\\" PRIMARY KEY (\\"id\\"))")
+    op.execute("INSERT INTO \\"phone_number\\" (\\"number\\", \\"contactId\\") SELECT \\"phone\\", \\"id\\" FROM \\"contact\\" WHERE \\"phone\\" IS NOT NULL")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" DROP COLUMN \\"phone\\"")
+    op.execute("CREATE INDEX \\"IDX_069067410ee19d423487a189e4\\" ON \\"phone_number\\" (\\"contactId\\")")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"phone_number\\" ADD CONSTRAINT \\"FK_069067410ee19d423487a189e4d\\" FOREIGN KEY (\\"contactId\\") REFERENCES \\"contact\\"(\\"id\\") ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE NO ACTION")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"phone_number\\" DROP CONSTRAINT \\"FK_069067410ee19d423487a189e4d\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ADD \\"phone\\" character varying(40)")
+    op.execute("UPDATE \\"contact\\" SET \\"phone\\" = (SELECT \\"number\\" FROM \\"phone_number\\" x WHERE x.\\"contactId\\" = \\"contact\\".\\"id\\" ORDER BY x.\\"id\\" LIMIT 1) WHERE \\"phone\\" IS NULL")
+    op.execute("DROP TABLE \\"phone_number\\"")
+    op.execute("DROP TYPE \\"public\\".\\"phone_number_label_enum\\"")
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`extract-entity goose file matches its snapshot 1`] = `
+"-- Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
+-- +goose Up
+CREATE TYPE "public"."phone_number_label_enum" AS ENUM('mobile', 'work', 'home');
+CREATE TABLE "phone_number" ("id" SERIAL NOT NULL, "created_at" TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT now(), "updated_at" TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT now(), "number" character varying(40) NOT NULL, "label" "public"."phone_number_label_enum" NOT NULL DEFAULT 'mobile', "contactId" integer NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT "PK_c16f58426537a660b3f2a26e983" PRIMARY KEY ("id"));
+INSERT INTO "phone_number" ("number", "contactId") SELECT "phone", "id" FROM "contact" WHERE "phone" IS NOT NULL;
+ALTER TABLE "contact" DROP COLUMN "phone";
+CREATE INDEX "IDX_069067410ee19d423487a189e4" ON "phone_number" ("contactId");
+ALTER TABLE "phone_number" ADD CONSTRAINT "FK_069067410ee19d423487a189e4d" FOREIGN KEY ("contactId") REFERENCES "contact"("id") ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE NO ACTION;
+
+-- +goose Down
+ALTER TABLE "phone_number" DROP CONSTRAINT "FK_069067410ee19d423487a189e4d";
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ADD "phone" character varying(40);
+UPDATE "contact" SET "phone" = (SELECT "number" FROM "phone_number" x WHERE x."contactId" = "contact"."id" ORDER BY x."id" LIMIT 1) WHERE "phone" IS NULL;
+DROP TABLE "phone_number";
+DROP TYPE "public"."phone_number_label_enum";
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`many-to-many Alembic revision compiles and gives back its SQL 1`] = `
+""""Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file."""
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "20231114221320"
+down_revision = "20231101000000"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" DROP CONSTRAINT \\"FK_196374b312744cf2c400c962383\\"")
+    op.execute("DROP INDEX \\"public\\".\\"IDX_196374b312744cf2c400c96238\\"")
+    op.execute("CREATE TABLE \\"contact_companies_company\\" (\\"contactId\\" integer NOT NULL, \\"companyId\\" integer NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT \\"PK_a240a097bb1e1d698bc213e0c72\\" PRIMARY KEY (\\"contactId\\", \\"companyId\\"))")
+    op.execute("INSERT INTO \\"contact_companies_company\\" (\\"contactId\\", \\"companyId\\") SELECT \\"id\\", \\"companyId\\" FROM \\"contact\\" WHERE \\"companyId\\" IS NOT NULL")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" DROP COLUMN \\"companyId\\"")
+    op.execute("CREATE INDEX \\"IDX_e6e2d85d35645bd6b752226c49\\" ON \\"contact_companies_company\\" (\\"contactId\\")")
+    op.execute("CREATE INDEX \\"IDX_30d0ef2a176bf879a2d36df096\\" ON \\"contact_companies_company\\" (\\"companyId\\")")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact_companies_company\\" ADD CONSTRAINT \\"FK_e6e2d85d35645bd6b752226c49d\\" FOREIGN KEY (\\"contactId\\") REFERENCES \\"contact\\"(\\"id\\") ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact_companies_company\\" ADD CONSTRAINT \\"FK_30d0ef2a176bf879a2d36df0966\\" FOREIGN KEY (\\"companyId\\") REFERENCES \\"company\\"(\\"id\\") ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact_companies_company\\" DROP CONSTRAINT \\"FK_e6e2d85d35645bd6b752226c49d\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact_companies_company\\" DROP CONSTRAINT \\"FK_30d0ef2a176bf879a2d36df0966\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ADD \\"companyId\\" integer")
+    op.execute("UPDATE \\"contact\\" SET \\"companyId\\" = (SELECT j.\\"companyId\\" FROM \\"contact_companies_company\\" j WHERE j.\\"contactId\\" = \\"contact\\".\\"id\\" LIMIT 1) WHERE \\"companyId\\" IS NULL")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"companyId\\" SET NOT NULL")
+    op.execute("DROP TABLE \\"contact_companies_company\\"")
+    op.execute("CREATE INDEX \\"IDX_196374b312744cf2c400c96238\\" ON \\"contact\\" (\\"companyId\\")")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ADD CONSTRAINT \\"FK_196374b312744cf2c400c962383\\" FOREIGN KEY (\\"companyId\\") REFERENCES \\"company\\"(\\"id\\") ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION")
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`many-to-many goose file matches its snapshot 1`] = `
+"-- Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
+-- +goose Up
+ALTER TABLE "contact" DROP CONSTRAINT "FK_196374b312744cf2c400c962383";
+DROP INDEX "public"."IDX_196374b312744cf2c400c96238";
+CREATE TABLE "contact_companies_company" ("contactId" integer NOT NULL, "companyId" integer NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT "PK_a240a097bb1e1d698bc213e0c72" PRIMARY KEY ("contactId", "companyId"));
+INSERT INTO "contact_companies_company" ("contactId", "companyId") SELECT "id", "companyId" FROM "contact" WHERE "companyId" IS NOT NULL;
+ALTER TABLE "contact" DROP COLUMN "companyId";
+CREATE INDEX "IDX_e6e2d85d35645bd6b752226c49" ON "contact_companies_company" ("contactId");
+CREATE INDEX "IDX_30d0ef2a176bf879a2d36df096" ON "contact_companies_company" ("companyId");
+ALTER TABLE "contact_companies_company" ADD CONSTRAINT "FK_e6e2d85d35645bd6b752226c49d" FOREIGN KEY ("contactId") REFERENCES "contact"("id") ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;
+ALTER TABLE "contact_companies_company" ADD CONSTRAINT "FK_30d0ef2a176bf879a2d36df0966" FOREIGN KEY ("companyId") REFERENCES "company"("id") ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION;
+
+-- +goose Down
+ALTER TABLE "contact_companies_company" DROP CONSTRAINT "FK_e6e2d85d35645bd6b752226c49d";
+ALTER TABLE "contact_companies_company" DROP CONSTRAINT "FK_30d0ef2a176bf879a2d36df0966";
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ADD "companyId" integer;
+UPDATE "contact" SET "companyId" = (SELECT j."companyId" FROM "contact_companies_company" j WHERE j."contactId" = "contact"."id" LIMIT 1) WHERE "companyId" IS NULL;
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "companyId" SET NOT NULL;
+DROP TABLE "contact_companies_company";
+CREATE INDEX "IDX_196374b312744cf2c400c96238" ON "contact" ("companyId");
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ADD CONSTRAINT "FK_196374b312744cf2c400c962383" FOREIGN KEY ("companyId") REFERENCES "company"("id") ON DELETE NO ACTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION;
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`rename-entity Alembic revision compiles and gives back its SQL 1`] = `
+""""Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file."""
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "20231114221320"
+down_revision = "20231101000000"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" RENAME COLUMN \\"companyId\\" TO \\"organizationId\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"company\\" RENAME TO \\"organization\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER SEQUENCE \\"company_id_seq\\" RENAME TO \\"organization_id_seq\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"organization\\" RENAME CONSTRAINT \\"PK_056f7854a7afdba7cbd6d45fc20\\" TO \\"PK_472c1f99a32def1b0abb219cd67\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" RENAME CONSTRAINT \\"FK_196374b312744cf2c400c962383\\" TO \\"FK_7719d73cd16a9f57ecc6ac24b3d\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER INDEX \\"public\\".\\"IDX_196374b312744cf2c400c96238\\" RENAME TO \\"IDX_7719d73cd16a9f57ecc6ac24b3\\"")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" RENAME COLUMN \\"organizationId\\" TO \\"companyId\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"organization\\" RENAME TO \\"company\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER SEQUENCE \\"organization_id_seq\\" RENAME TO \\"company_id_seq\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"company\\" RENAME CONSTRAINT \\"PK_472c1f99a32def1b0abb219cd67\\" TO \\"PK_056f7854a7afdba7cbd6d45fc20\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" RENAME CONSTRAINT \\"FK_7719d73cd16a9f57ecc6ac24b3d\\" TO \\"FK_196374b312744cf2c400c962383\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER INDEX \\"public\\".\\"IDX_7719d73cd16a9f57ecc6ac24b3\\" RENAME TO \\"IDX_196374b312744cf2c400c96238\\"")
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`rename-entity goose file matches its snapshot 1`] = `
+"-- Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
+-- +goose Up
+ALTER TABLE "contact" RENAME COLUMN "companyId" TO "organizationId";
+ALTER TABLE "company" RENAME TO "organization";
+ALTER SEQUENCE "company_id_seq" RENAME TO "organization_id_seq";
+ALTER TABLE "organization" RENAME CONSTRAINT "PK_056f7854a7afdba7cbd6d45fc20" TO "PK_472c1f99a32def1b0abb219cd67";
+ALTER TABLE "contact" RENAME CONSTRAINT "FK_196374b312744cf2c400c962383" TO "FK_7719d73cd16a9f57ecc6ac24b3d";
+ALTER INDEX "public"."IDX_196374b312744cf2c400c96238" RENAME TO "IDX_7719d73cd16a9f57ecc6ac24b3";
+
+-- +goose Down
+ALTER TABLE "contact" RENAME COLUMN "organizationId" TO "companyId";
+ALTER TABLE "organization" RENAME TO "company";
+ALTER SEQUENCE "organization_id_seq" RENAME TO "company_id_seq";
+ALTER TABLE "company" RENAME CONSTRAINT "PK_472c1f99a32def1b0abb219cd67" TO "PK_056f7854a7afdba7cbd6d45fc20";
+ALTER TABLE "contact" RENAME CONSTRAINT "FK_7719d73cd16a9f57ecc6ac24b3d" TO "FK_196374b312744cf2c400c962383";
+ALTER INDEX "public"."IDX_7719d73cd16a9f57ecc6ac24b3" RENAME TO "IDX_196374b312744cf2c400c96238";
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`rename-field Alembic revision compiles and gives back its SQL 1`] = `
+""""Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file."""
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "20231114221320"
+down_revision = "20231101000000"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" RENAME COLUMN \\"phone\\" TO \\"mobilePhone\\"")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" RENAME COLUMN \\"mobilePhone\\" TO \\"phone\\"")
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`rename-field goose file matches its snapshot 1`] = `
+"-- Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
+-- +goose Up
+ALTER TABLE "contact" RENAME COLUMN "phone" TO "mobilePhone";
+
+-- +goose Down
+ALTER TABLE "contact" RENAME COLUMN "mobilePhone" TO "phone";
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`required-field Alembic revision compiles and gives back its SQL 1`] = `
+""""Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file."""
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "20231114221320"
+down_revision = "20231101000000"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("CREATE TYPE \\"public\\".\\"company_region_enum\\" AS ENUM('us', 'eu', 'apac')")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"company\\" ADD \\"region\\" \\"public\\".\\"company_region_enum\\" NOT NULL DEFAULT 'us'")
+    op.execute("UPDATE \\"company\\" SET \\"region\\" = 'us' WHERE \\"region\\" IS NULL")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"company\\" DROP COLUMN \\"region\\"")
+    op.execute("DROP TYPE \\"public\\".\\"company_region_enum\\"")
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`required-field goose file matches its snapshot 1`] = `
+"-- Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
+-- +goose Up
+CREATE TYPE "public"."company_region_enum" AS ENUM('us', 'eu', 'apac');
+ALTER TABLE "company" ADD "region" "public"."company_region_enum" NOT NULL DEFAULT 'us';
+UPDATE "company" SET "region" = 'us' WHERE "region" IS NULL;
+
+-- +goose Down
+ALTER TABLE "company" DROP COLUMN "region";
+DROP TYPE "public"."company_region_enum";
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`split-field Alembic revision compiles and gives back its SQL 1`] = `
+""""Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file."""
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "20231114221320"
+down_revision = "20231101000000"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ADD \\"firstName\\" text")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ADD \\"lastName\\" text")
+    op.execute("UPDATE \\"contact\\" SET \\"firstName\\" = (split_part(btrim(\\"fullName\\"), ' ', 1)), \\"lastName\\" = (NULLIF(btrim(substr(btrim(\\"fullName\\"), length(split_part(btrim(\\"fullName\\"), ' ', 1)) + 1)), ''))")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"firstName\\" SET NOT NULL")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" DROP COLUMN \\"fullName\\"")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ADD \\"fullName\\" text")
+    op.execute("UPDATE \\"contact\\" SET \\"fullName\\" = (concat_ws(' ', \\"firstName\\", \\"lastName\\")) WHERE \\"fullName\\" IS NULL")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"fullName\\" SET NOT NULL")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" DROP COLUMN \\"firstName\\"")
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" DROP COLUMN \\"lastName\\"")
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`split-field goose file matches its snapshot 1`] = `
+"-- Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
+-- +goose Up
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ADD "firstName" text;
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ADD "lastName" text;
+UPDATE "contact" SET "firstName" = (split_part(btrim("fullName"), ' ', 1)), "lastName" = (NULLIF(btrim(substr(btrim("fullName"), length(split_part(btrim("fullName"), ' ', 1)) + 1)), ''));
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "firstName" SET NOT NULL;
+ALTER TABLE "contact" DROP COLUMN "fullName";
+
+-- +goose Down
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ADD "fullName" text;
+UPDATE "contact" SET "fullName" = (concat_ws(' ', "firstName", "lastName")) WHERE "fullName" IS NULL;
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "fullName" SET NOT NULL;
+ALTER TABLE "contact" DROP COLUMN "firstName";
+ALTER TABLE "contact" DROP COLUMN "lastName";
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`type-change Alembic revision compiles and gives back its SQL 1`] = `
+""""Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file."""
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "20231114221320"
+down_revision = "20231101000000"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"score\\" TYPE integer USING (NULLIF(regexp_replace(\\"score\\", '[^0-9-]', '', 'g'), '')::integer)")
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.execute("ALTER TABLE \\"contact\\" ALTER COLUMN \\"score\\" TYPE text USING \\"score\\"::text")
+"
+`;
+
+exports[`type-change goose file matches its snapshot 1`] = `
+"-- Generated by apso migrate generate from the answered migration plan saved beside this file.
+-- +goose Up
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "score" TYPE integer USING (NULLIF(regexp_replace("score", '[^0-9-]', '', 'g'), '')::integer);
+
+-- +goose Down
+ALTER TABLE "contact" ALTER COLUMN "score" TYPE text USING "score"::text;
+"
+`;
diff --git a/test/lib/ddl/answers.ts b/test/lib/ddl/answers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0894308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/lib/ddl/answers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { Plan, planMigration } from "../../../src/lib/plan";
+
+// Each migration eval case, answered the way the eval expects. The change
+// must leave the seeded database identical in schema to a fresh build of the
+// new .apsorc, with every row check in checks.sql passing.
+export const answers: Record<
+  string,
+  Record<
+    string,
+    string | { answer: string; sql: string | Record<string, string> }
+  >
+> = {
+  "rename-entity": { "entity:Company": "rename:Organization" },
+  "rename-field": { "field:Contact.phone": "rename:mobilePhone" },
+  "split-field": {
+    "field:Contact.fullName": {
+      answer: "split:firstName,lastName",
+      sql: {
+        firstName: `split_part(btrim("fullName"), ' ', 1)`,
+        lastName: `NULLIF(btrim(substr(btrim("fullName"), length(split_part(btrim("fullName"), ' ', 1)) + 1)), '')`,
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  "extract-entity": { "field:Contact.phone": "move:PhoneNumber.number" },
+  "many-to-many": { "relation:Contact.Company": "copy-links" },
+  "enum-replace": { "enum:Contact.status:archived": "closed" },
+  "required-field": { "backfill:Company.region": "us" },
+  "type-change": {
+    "cast:Contact.score": {
+      answer: "sql",
+      sql: `NULLIF(regexp_replace("score", '[^0-9-]', '', 'g'), '')::integer`,
+    },
+  },
+};
+
+export const answeredPlan = (c: string, before: any, after: any): Plan => {
+  let plan = planMigration(before, after);
+  for (let round = 0; round < 3; round++) {
+    for (const q of plan.questions) {
+      const a = answers[c][q.id];
+      if (a === undefined) continue;
+      if (typeof a === "string") q.answer = a;
+      else Object.assign(q, a);
+    }
+    plan = planMigration(before, after, plan);
+  }
+  return plan;
+};
+
diff --git a/test/lib/ddl/change.test.ts b/test/lib/ddl/change.test.ts
index d096a26..24bc39a 100644
--- a/test/lib/ddl/change.test.ts
+++ b/test/lib/ddl/change.test.ts
@@ -5,59 +5,13 @@ import { parseApsorcV2 } from "../../../src/lib/apsorc-parser";
 import { schemaDdl, schemaModel } from "../../../src/lib/ddl";
 import { changeDdl, downDdl } from "../../../src/lib/ddl/change";
 import { catalogDiff, readCatalog } from "../../../src/lib/ddl/catalog";
-import { openQuestions, planMigration, Plan } from "../../../src/lib/plan";
-
-// Each migration eval case, answered the way the eval expects. The change
-// must leave the seeded database identical in schema to a fresh build of the
-// new .apsorc, with every row check in checks.sql passing.
-const answers: Record<
-  string,
-  Record<
-    string,
-    string | { answer: string; sql: string | Record<string, string> }
-  >
-> = {
-  "rename-entity": { "entity:Company": "rename:Organization" },
-  "rename-field": { "field:Contact.phone": "rename:mobilePhone" },
-  "split-field": {
-    "field:Contact.fullName": {
-      answer: "split:firstName,lastName",
-      sql: {
-        firstName: `split_part(btrim("fullName"), ' ', 1)`,
-        lastName: `NULLIF(btrim(substr(btrim("fullName"), length(split_part(btrim("fullName"), ' ', 1)) + 1)), '')`,
-      },
-    },
-  },
-  "extract-entity": { "field:Contact.phone": "move:PhoneNumber.number" },
-  "many-to-many": { "relation:Contact.Company": "copy-links" },
-  "enum-replace": { "enum:Contact.status:archived": "closed" },
-  "required-field": { "backfill:Company.region": "us" },
-  "type-change": {
-    "cast:Contact.score": {
-      answer: "sql",
-      sql: `NULLIF(regexp_replace("score", '[^0-9-]', '', 'g'), '')::integer`,
-    },
-  },
-};
+import { openQuestions, planMigration } from "../../../src/lib/plan";
+import { answeredPlan, answers } from "./answers";
 
 const dir = (c: string) => path.join(__dirname, "../../fixtures/plan", c);
 const read = (c: string, f: string) =>
   fs.readFileSync(path.join(dir(c), f)).toString();
 
-const answeredPlan = (c: string, before: any, after: any): Plan => {
-  let plan = planMigration(before, after);
-  for (let round = 0; round < 3; round++) {
-    for (const q of plan.questions) {
-      const a = answers[c][q.id];
-      if (a === undefined) continue;
-      if (typeof a === "string") q.answer = a;
-      else Object.assign(q, a);
-    }
-    plan = planMigration(before, after, plan);
-  }
-  return plan;
-};
-
 const pglite = async () => {
   const { PGlite } = await import("@electric-sql/pglite");
   return new PGlite();
diff --git a/test/lib/ddl/wrappers.test.ts b/test/lib/ddl/wrappers.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d42619e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/lib/ddl/wrappers.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+import { expect, describe, test } from "@jest/globals";
+import { execFileSync } from "child_process";
+import * as fs from "fs";
+import * as os from "os";
+import * as path from "path";
+import { changeDdl, downDdl } from "../../../src/lib/ddl/change";
+import {
+  alembicHead,
+  alembicMigration,
+  gooseMigration,
+  migrationSql,
+  writePlannedMigration,
+} from "../../../src/lib/ddl/migration-file";
+import { PythonGenerator } from "../../../src/lib/generators/python";
+import { verifyMigration } from "../../../src/lib/verify";
+import { answeredPlan, answers } from "./answers";
+
+const fixture = (c: string, f: string) =>
+  path.join(__dirname, "../../fixtures/plan", c, f);
+const read = (c: string, f: string) =>
+  JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(fixture(c, f)).toString());
+const cliBin = path.join(__dirname, "../../../bin/run");
+
+let python = true;
+try {
+  execFileSync("python3", ["--version"], { stdio: "ignore" });
+} catch {
+  python = false;
+}
+/** Python accepts the file. Without python3, every SQL literal must round-trip. */
+const compiles = (source: string) => {
+  if (!python) {
+    for (const m of source.matchAll(/op\.execute\((.*)\)$/gm))
+      expect(typeof JSON.parse(m[1])).toBe("string");
+    return;
+  }
+  const file = path.join(
+    fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "apso-py-")),
+    "m.py"
+  );
+  fs.writeFileSync(file, source);
+  execFileSync("python3", ["-m", "py_compile", file]);
+};
+
+describe.each(Object.keys(answers))("%s", (c) => {
+  const before = read(c, "before.apsorc");
+  const after = read(c, "after.apsorc");
+  const plan = answeredPlan(c, before, after);
+  const { up } = changeDdl(before, after, plan);
+  const down = downDdl(before, after, plan);
+
+  test("Alembic revision compiles and gives back its SQL", () => {
+    const source = alembicMigration("20231114221320", "20231101000000", up, down);
+    expect(source).toMatchSnapshot();
+    compiles(source);
+    const sql = migrationSql("x.py", source);
+    expect(sql.up).toBe(up.join(";\n"));
+    expect(sql.down).toBe((down as { down: string[] }).down.join(";\n"));
+  });
+
+  test("goose file matches its snapshot", () => {
+    expect(gooseMigration(up, down)).toMatchSnapshot();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("wrappers", () => {
+  test("SQL ending in a quoted identifier stays valid Python (#148)", async () => {
+    const [file] = await new PythonGenerator({
+      language: "python",
+    } as any).generateMigration({
+      entities: [],
+      upSql: ['DROP TABLE "user"'],
+      downSql: ['CREATE TABLE "user" ("id" integer, "note" text DEFAULT \'a\\b """\')'],
+    } as any);
+    compiles(file.content);
+    expect(file.content).toContain('op.execute("DROP TABLE \\"user\\"")');
+  });
+
+  test("an irreversible down refuses to run", () => {
+    const irreversible = { irreversible: ["backfill:Contact.fullName: 100%"] };
+    const py = alembicMigration("2", undefined, ["SELECT 1"], irreversible);
+    compiles(py);
+    expect(py).toContain("raise NotImplementedError(");
+    expect(py).toContain("down_revision = None");
+    expect(migrationSql("x.py", py).down).toBeUndefined();
+    const sql = gooseMigration(["SELECT 1"], irreversible);
+    expect(sql).toContain("-- +goose StatementBegin\nDO $$ BEGIN RAISE EXCEPTION");
+    expect(sql).toContain("100%%");
+    expect(migrationSql("x.sql", sql)).toEqual({ up: "\nSELECT 1;\n\n", down: undefined });
+  });
+
+  test("a statement with its own semicolon is fenced for goose", () => {
+    expect(gooseMigration(["SELECT ';'", "SELECT 2"], { down: [] })).toContain(
+      "-- +goose StatementBegin\nSELECT ';';\n-- +goose StatementEnd\nSELECT 2;"
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("the Alembic head is the revision nothing revises", () => {
+    const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "apso-alembic-"));
+    expect(alembicHead(dir)).toBeUndefined();
+    const rev = (f: string, r: string, d: string) =>
+      fs.writeFileSync(
+        path.join(dir, f),
+        `revision: str = '${r}'\ndown_revision: Union[str, None] = ${d}\n`
+      );
+    rev("a_init.py", "aaa", "None");
+    rev("c_third.py", "ccc", "'bbb'");
+    rev("b_second.py", "bbb", "'aaa'");
+    expect(alembicHead(dir)).toBe("ccc");
+  });
+});
+
+describe.each(["python", "go"])("apso migrate for %s", (language) => {
+  const project = (c: string) => {
+    const dir = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), `apso-${language}-`));
+    const after = { ...read(c, "after.apsorc"), language };
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(dir, ".apsorc"), JSON.stringify(after));
+    const plan = answeredPlan(c, read(c, "before.apsorc"), after);
+    const planPath = path.join(dir, ".apso", "migration-plan.json");
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(planPath));
+    fs.writeFileSync(planPath, JSON.stringify(plan));
+    return { dir, planPath };
+  };
+
+  test("writes the migration where the template keeps them", () => {
+    const { dir, planPath } = project("rename-field");
+    const result = writePlannedMigration(
+      dir,
+      read("rename-field", "before.apsorc"),
+      "SchemaUpdate",
+      planPath,
+      1_700_000_000_000
+    );
+    expect(result.file).toBe(
+      language === "python"
+        ? "alembic/versions/20231114221320_schema_update.py"
+        : "migrations/20231114221320_schema_update.sql"
+    );
+    expect(result.planFile).toBe(
+      result.file!.replace(/\.(py|sql)$/, ".plan.json")
+    );
+    expect(result.findings).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  test.each([
+    ["rename-field", []],
+    ["split-field", ["contact.fullName"]],
+    ["extract-entity", []],
+  ])(
+    "%s verifies with its seed and checks",
+    async (c, acceptLoss) => {
+      const { dir, planPath } = project(c);
+      const written = writePlannedMigration(
+        dir,
+        read(c, "before.apsorc"),
+        "SchemaUpdate",
+        planPath
+      );
+      const result = await verifyMigration(
+        dir,
+        fixture(c, "before.apsorc"),
+        written.file!,
+        cliBin,
+        {
+          seedFile: fixture(c, "seed.sql"),
+          checkFile: fixture(c, "checks.sql"),
+          acceptLoss: acceptLoss as string[],
+        }
+      );
+      expect(result.steps).toEqual(
+        ["baseline", "seed", "migrate", "count", "data", "check", "drift", "down", "down drift"].map(
+          (name) => expect.objectContaining({ name, ok: true })
+        )
+      );
+      expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
+    },
+    60_000
+  );
+
+  test("drift fails when the migration leaves the schema short", async () => {
+    const { dir, planPath } = project("rename-field");
+    const written = writePlannedMigration(
+      dir,
+      read("rename-field", "before.apsorc"),
+      "SchemaUpdate",
+      planPath
+    );
+    const file = path.join(dir, written.file!);
+    // Drop the rename: the deployed column stays "phone".
+    fs.writeFileSync(
+      file,
+      fs
+        .readFileSync(file)
+        .toString()
+        .replace(/^.*RENAME COLUMN \\?"phone\\?" TO .*$/m, "")
+    );
+    const result = await verifyMigration(
+      dir,
+      fixture("rename-field", "before.apsorc"),
+      written.file!,
+      cliBin
+    );
+    expect(result.ok).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.steps[result.steps.length - 1]).toMatchObject({ name: "drift", ok: false });
+  }, 60_000);
+});