diff --git a/processor/src/callback.rs b/processor/src/callback.rs
index d654192a..04989303 100644
--- a/processor/src/callback.rs
+++ b/processor/src/callback.rs
@@ -12,16 +12,15 @@ use accountsdb::AccountLoader;
 
 /// Bridges SVM transaction loading to keeper-backed accounts.
 ///
-/// When `LOAD_OWNED` is set, loaded accounts are copied to owned data; this is
-/// used by simulation, which must always operate on owned account copies.
-pub(crate) struct LoadCallback<'a, const LOAD_OWNED: bool> {
+/// Simulation always loads owned account copies.
+pub(crate) struct LoadCallback<'a, const SIMULATION: bool> {
     /// Reads accounts from the engine's accounts store.
     pub(crate) loader: AccountLoader<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<const LOAD_OWNED: bool> TransactionProcessingCallback for LoadCallback<'_, LOAD_OWNED> {
+impl<const SIMULATION: bool> TransactionProcessingCallback for LoadCallback<'_, SIMULATION> {
     fn get_account_shared_data(&self, pubkey: &Pubkey) -> Option<(AccountSharedData, Slot)> {
-        let account = if LOAD_OWNED {
+        let account = if SIMULATION {
             self.loader.read(pubkey, Clone::clone)
         } else {
             // SAFETY: execution owns the account until commit/fanout and is
diff --git a/processor/src/svm.rs b/processor/src/svm.rs
index 4133212b..1ff5b084 100644
--- a/processor/src/svm.rs
+++ b/processor/src/svm.rs
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@ impl SvmContext {
     }
 
     /// Loads and executes a single transaction through the SVM.
-    pub(crate) fn execute<const LOAD_OWNED: bool>(
+    pub(crate) fn execute<const SIMULATION: bool>(
         &mut self,
         loader: AccountLoader<'_>,
         txn: &ResolvedTransaction,
         state: &Keeper,
     ) -> LoadAndExecuteSanitizedTransactionOutput {
-        let load = LoadCallback::<LOAD_OWNED> { loader };
+        let load = LoadCallback::<SIMULATION> { loader };
         let rent = state.rent();
         if self.env.rent != rent {
             self.processor.sysvar_cache_mut().set_rent(&rent);
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl SvmContext {
             }
         };
         let invoke = InvokeCallback { featureset: features };
-        self.processor.load_and_execute_sanitized_transaction(
+        self.processor.load_and_execute_sanitized_transaction::<SIMULATION>(
             load,
             &invoke,
             txn,
diff --git a/solana/svm/src/transaction_processor.rs b/solana/svm/src/transaction_processor.rs
index 58ed2f6a..2babfaba 100644
--- a/solana/svm/src/transaction_processor.rs
+++ b/solana/svm/src/transaction_processor.rs
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ impl TransactionBatchProcessor {
     ///
     /// The owned loading callback is dropped as soon as account loading finishes.
     /// Invocation then uses the separate borrowed callback.
-    pub fn load_and_execute_sanitized_transaction(
+    pub fn load_and_execute_sanitized_transaction<const SIMULATION: bool>(
         &self,
         load: impl TransactionProcessingCallback,
         invoke: &impl InvokeContextCallback,
@@ -231,7 +231,8 @@ impl TransactionBatchProcessor {
                     config,
                 );
                 balance_collector.collect_post_balances(&executed_tx.loaded_transaction.accounts);
-                if executed_tx.access_is_valid(tx) {
+                // Simulation discards account changes, so program changes must stay local too.
+                if executed_tx.access_is_valid(tx) && !SIMULATION {
                     let cache = program_cache_for_tx_batch.drain_modified_entries();
                     self.program_cache.merge(&cache);
                 }